CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The potential and
quality of water, is an economic resources essential component of human life.
However, the deterioration in major cities and urban centers due to population
explosion, urbanization and industrialization results in large volume of effluent
discharge that may affect the water quality since the effluent from discharge
or run-off from solid waste disposal sites generally moves downwards.
Land use in geographic
areas that replenish groundwater and surface water resources is increasingly
recognized as an important factor affecting water quality and consequently, the
health of human and ecological communities are sustained by these resources.
For instance, release from commercial/industrial facilities, agricultural
run-off and wastewater leaching into the groundwater from residential septic
systems can introduce a variety of pesticides into water supplies.
The formulation and use
of indices has been strongly advocated by agencies responsible for water supply
and control of water pollution. Water quality index [WQI] is defined as a
rating reflecting the opposite influence of different water quality parameters.
The index serves as a
tool for assessing the suitability of water quality. Water is portable because
it is ingestible. Hence to get the quality of water the quantity must be
sampled. Sampling is the process of obtaining data for physical, chemical and
bacteriological parameters analysis. The following parameters are selected for
this study DO, PH, E.C, NO2,
NO3, NH4, TP, TSS, TDS, THC, TCC, BOD5 TURB, COD, and TEMP.
1.2
OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The primary objective of this study
is to develop a regression model, and investigate the storm water quality of
the study area (Ugep Urban), Yakurr Local Government Area of Cross River State.
And serve as a benchmark for future researchers.
The key objectives to
be fulfilled in this study are:
1.2.1 To determine the bacteriological
and physico-chemical qualities of storm water quality model in Ugep Urban.
1.2.2 To determine the pollution
contributing to streams water around the study area.
1.2.3 To estimate seasonal pollutant
mass load trend for Ugep Urban water quality.
1.2.4 To develop a model to enhance
effective monitoring on stormwater quality of the study area.
1.3
SCOPE OF STUDY
This study is concern with
development of storm water quality model for Ugep urban Yakurr Local Government
Area of Cross River State.
Because of time
constrain, ten (10) sampling location were randomly selected within the study
area. The total of fifteen (15) parameters were use to determine the stormwater samples collected from the
above mention location (1-10) and analyzed for physico-chemical and
bacteriological characteristics. The parameters are as follows TEMP, TURB, DO,
BOD5, COD, E.C, TP, NO2, NO3,
NH4, TSS, TDS, THC,PH,TCC. This research is made up of
five [5] chapters as follows: Introduction, Literature review, Research
methodology, Result and Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation. Tables are
also introduced for proper information and data presentation, and abbreviations
are included.
1.4
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This research finding
will offer following benefits to researchers, public, and relevant government
agencies valuable information about water quality use in Ugep Urban.
The significance of
this study includes:
1.4.1 To identify the major pollutant of the
water body in the study area.
1.4.2 To provide information for further
research.
1.4.3 To provide guidelines on how to
control water pollution by avoiding behaviors that causes water pollution.
4.1.4 To provide opportunities for
better integration of environmental policy.
1.5 LIMITATION OF STUDY
This study title
development of stormwater quality model a case study of Ugep Urban is limited
to the following:
1.5.1 The cost of carrying out the test,
labor involved in examining the study area during raining season.
1.5.2
The limited time required in carrying
out this research work, which in normal circumstance would have taken a very
long period of time to study.
1.6
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The impact of
anthropogenic activities in Ugep Urban water resources is as a result of
increasing rate of urbanization. This has exposed the inhabitants of the
community to different water diseases like guinea worm and threat of life. The
greater concern of these streams water sources, is due to the fact that water
from streams, boreholes are use for different purposes (domestic, agricultural,
industrial etc). These water sources are affected because of the effluents
discharged from municipal waste, agriculture and urban run-off into the
streams. So, there should be a need for proper and intensive understanding of
various parameters affecting the Ugep Urban water quality, and design a good
model approach to serve as a guide to Ugep Urban water sources for effective
monitoring.
1.7
AREA OF STUDY
Ugep Urban is the study
area: Ugep is a community which has the highest population in Yakurr Local
Government Area of Cross River State-Nigeria. The area lies between the
latitude of 04055’35’’ N and longitude 9021’00’’ E with
an annual rainfall of 182cm-30cm.
The atmospheric
condition of the area is relatively high with annual mean minimum and maximum
temperature of 210c and 320c and relative humidity of 720c.
The area consists of two seasons, the wet and dry season respectively. The wet
season is known as rainy season and last from April-October with maximum
rainfall in the month of June and a little August break in second week of
September. The dry season is also known as the harmattan period starting from
November to March. The topography of the area is stable with a slope of about
1:500. The precipitation is 1:800mm of which more than 40% falls during the
rainy season months of May-August. The area is covered by sand, clay, gravel,
silt and little deposit of metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Hydrological, the
area is consists of two sub auriferous units and upper generally less than 30m
and a lower sandy zone. The entire hydrological system, consisting of these two
sub units is termed (coastal plain and sandy aquifer) respectively.
Culturally the people
are known to have many interesting cultural heritage and value like the
worldwide known LEBOKU Festival, Obam dance, Kokoma dance, Traditional
Wrestling and a host of other which unite them and make them very sociable
people. To about 50% of her inhabitants are farmers due to the fertile nature
of their land resulting to celebration of new yam festival known as LEBOKU
Festival.
Commercially the area
is a central business district (CBD) of its own because of good location and
good road network connecting the northern part of Nigeria to the East and
western parts respectively. It also serve as a focal point of commercial
activities to the three [3] Local Government Area of the State around them
(Obubra, Abi and Biase) in north, west and south respectively.
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