GREEN ICT WITH RESPECT TO WIRELESS NETWORKS
MSC ICT001
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, DESIGN, AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD
ABSTRACT
have brought about an increase in consumption of energy,
hence adding to the increasing
Green House Gases emissions. With the increasing demand for
information and
communication devices, the issue of energy efficiency and
reduction of the energy
consumption has become a topic of interest. ICT contributes
at least 2 percent of global
energy consumption and a greater part of that is wasted,
this has lead to research and
development being carried out to curb these wastes as much
as possible.
Therefore, this project would address the issue with regards
to a comparative and in-depth
analysis of research done by other researchers in related
works. The energy consumption
quotient of a number of wireless access networks would be
evaluated as well as techniques
that would improve its efficiency. Also, a couple of
questions would be answered during the
course of this paper, and they include:
1. What are the environmental side effects of wireless
communications?
2. How to reduce CO2 mobile and wireless emissions?
3. Are these methods industrially feasible or not?
Furthermore, the performance indicators would be the optimal
way the traffic load can be
balanced, and bandwidth optimization.
Keywords: Green house gases, wireless communications,
antenna, transceiver.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aims and Objectives
1.2 Structure of the research
CHAPTER 2
GREEN ICT AND WIRELESS NETWORKS
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Industry: State of the Art
2.2.1 Green Networking
2.2.1.1 Definition of terms
2.2.2 Green Radio
2.2.2 Virtualization
CHAPTER 3
WIRELESS ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 Wireless LAN
3.2.1 WLAN Infrastructure
3.2.2 Operating modes
3.3 WiMAX
3.3.1 WiMAX Architecture
3.3.1.1 Access Service Network
3.3.1.2 Core Services Network
3.3.2 Mobility Management
3.4 Satellite communications
3.4.1 Geostationary orbits
3.4.2 Low-Earth-orbiting satellites
3.4.3 Applications of Satellite Communications
3.4.3.1 Conventional Telecommunications
3.4.3.2 Cellular
3.4.3.3 Television Signals
3.4.3.4 Satellite Land Mobile
CHAPTER 4
DYNAMIC CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT WITH FUZZY LOGIC
4.1 Cell load decision making
4.2 SWITCHING OFF LOW LOAD DEVICES
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 6
Summary and Conclusion
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: ICT impact showing the contribution of mobile
and wireless communications to the
CO2 footprint of telecommunication industry in 2002 and its
projected estimate for 2012
Figure 2.2: Small WMN
Figure 2.3: Medium WMN – Busy profile
Figure 2.4: Big WMN – Busy profile
Figure 2.5: WOBAN architecture
Figure 2.6: Residual capacity as link weights
Figure 2.7: Green network management tasks in EARTH
Figure 3.1: Diagram of an intelligent ASN gateway network
Figure 3.2: WiMAX network showing PP and PMP links
Figure 5.1: Figure showing the sets of rules and the input
and output membership functions
Figure 5.2: Rule viewer
Fig 5.3: 3-D Surface view
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Type of WMN used in the optimization analysis
Table 2.2: Numerical results of the optimization process
Table 3.1: 802.11a/g Modulation schemes and OFDM Symbols
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In recent times, the issue of global warming and its
devastating effect on the earth‟s climate
has been a hot topic of sorts since the adverse effects
increases on a daily basis. Statistics show
that electricity constitutes 30 percent of the global energy
consumption and ICT systems and
processes contributing at least 2 percent of it. Many data
centres use up a lot more energy on
cooling the data and networking equipment rather than on
powering the devices as many would
think. Unfortunately, most of the devices and equipment are
usually using up all these power are
often not doing useful work as the computers and peripherals
are turned on and left in idle state
most of the time [1].
Putting into consideration the ineffectiveness of power
generation and distribution, in addition
to the power that is lost within the ICT device itself, it
is estimated that one percent of energy is
utilised by the applications run by the ICT device with
regards to every drop of crude burned in a
power station [1]. In this light, it is easy to see that a
lot of money is being spent in generating the
electricity these equipments consume. In addition, a report
from the Ministry of Internal Affairs
and Communication Japan shows that ICT devices such as
routers, switches, hubs, and servers
consumed about 45,000,000 MWh in 2006 which is 4% of the
total electricity generated all over
Japan [2]. Apparently, this constituted 1% of the country‟s
total energy consumption and it has
been increased by 20% in the past 5 years.
Furthermore, telecommunication produces about 0.6 % of the
global CO2 emission with fixed
and mobile networks requiring increasing supply of
electrical energy [3]. Figures like these have
sparked interests from researchers on the development of
energy efficient wired and wireless
networks as it affects the economy and ecosystem as well in
view of the fact that the energy costs
have sky rocketed over the years. Taking into consideration
that substantial research is on going
with respect to reducing the carbon emission footprint in
the atmosphere, it is only right to know
how Green ICT with respect to the telecommunication industry
can contribute its quota to
efficiently managing energy. This is done in order to cater
to the increasing demand of wireless
traffic and energy consumption.
In this dissertation, the present position of the domain of
Green ICT is shown and critical
evaluation of energy efficient practices regarding wireless
networks is presented.
1.1 Aims and Objectives
The main aims of this research are to:
a. Explore the extent of the energy used up by wireless
access technologies.
b. Significantly reduce the power consumption of the current
wireless networks in view.
Objectives
The specific objectives are to:
a. Design innovative methods necessary to reduce the overall
power needed to run a wireless
access network.
b. Identify the possible radio design which enables the
reduction of energy consumed.
1.2 Structure of the
research
In this introduction, the issue of global warming and its
consequences have been addressed.
Also a brief analysis of the part played by ICT on global
energy consumption was pointed out as
well as highlighting the aims and objectives of working on
this research. In subsequent chapters,
the questions posed in the abstract which are: what are the
environmental side effects of wireless
communications, how to reduce CO2 mobile and wireless
emissions, and if the solutions are
industrially feasible or not.
In Chapter 2, a qualitative review is carried on
highlighting current research done in the Green
ICT field. Also, an in-depth overview of companies and
institutions adopting these solutions is
shown. Furthermore, emphasis would be made on Green Radio
technology as a means to reduce
Chapter 3 presents details of the methodology to be used in
designing and investigating the
proposed solutions. Further, the architectures of Green
Radio and Green Networking are
discussed as well as models describing the process.
Chapter 4 critically analyses the results gotten from the
design and simulation of the solutions.
Answers to the question of feasibility would also be
answered in this chapter.
Finally, the conclusion and summary of the dissertation is
done in Chapter 5 and future
